Tash

Tash was the patron god of the ruling class of Calormen. The Calormene capital is named Tashbaan and the Tisrocs and Tarkaans and Tarkheenas claim descent from Tash. The worship of Tash was the only formal religion depicted in the world of Narnia: there are temples to Tash, Calormenes regularly used ritual phrases such as 'Tash the inexorable, the irresistible' and 'Tash preserve us', and he was the only being referred to by characters as a god.

The Horse and His Boy
In The Horse and His Boy, which explores Calormene society in some depth, the name of Tash was frequently used in oaths and exclamations. (Two other Calormene gods are mentioned, Azaroth and Zardeenah, Lady of the Night and Maidens, but only briefly.) However, Tash is not described at all, and his worship plays little part in the proceedings. Near the end, the principal antagonist Prince Rabadash, frustrated and maddened by defeat, tries to call on Tash to inflict vengeance on the Narnians and Aslan - such as 'lightning in the shape of scorpions'. But this results in nothing but mockery and pity from his captors, because Aslan, after repeatedly warning Rabadash to repent of his anger, turns Rabadash into a donkey. Aslan tells Rabadash that his transformation will be lifted when he visits the temple of Tash in Tashbaan, but it is not made explicit whether this is due to Tash's power or Aslan's will.

The Last Battle
The worship of Tash persists in The Last Battle, the final book of the series, in which he is depicted as a malevolent and real being. He is seen to be roughly humanoid, but much larger than a man, with four arms and the head of a vulture. His presence brings cold and the sickening stench of death. Illustrations by Pauline Baynes enhance his macabre appearance. It is said that the Calormenes practice human sacrifice to him. Narnians describe him as a god or a demon.

However, it is revealed that many of the Calormene invaders do not really believe in Tash. Together with Shift the scheming ape, Ginger the duplicitous cat and other treacherous Narnians, they concoct a story that Aslan and Tash are the same person, also known as Tashlan. Many (but not all) Narnians see that this is ridiculous, given Aslan's and Tash's antithetical natures, but are powerless to contradict the Calormene soldiers. Sending dissenters 'to meet Tashlan' in Puzzle's stable is meant to be a way to secretly murder troublemakers. But one Calormene soldier, Emeth, is so devout that he insists on going in to meet Tash, and vanishes into Aslan's Country (after killing the man with a sword in the stable meant to murder aforesaid troublemakers). Ginger finds Tash inside the stable, and is terrified into losing the power of speech. When Shift is thrown in, Tash appears and devours him. Finally, the Narnian King Tirian and Calormene warlord Rishda Tarkaan confront Tash. Tash seizes Rishda for having summoned him to Narnia, and is then banished by the command of High King Peter and the name of Aslan.

Emeth, who expects Tash to smite unbelievers with heavenly fire, goes searching for Tash in Aslan's Country, but instead meets Aslan. Aslan tells Emeth 'all the service thou hast done to Tash, I accept as service done to me' and further explains 'no service which is vile can be done to me, and none which is not vile can be done to him'. He explains that Emeth's pious devotion was really to Aslan, rather than to Tash, although Emeth had not been aware of this, and Emeth finds great happiness in this revelation.

Christian Relevance
It is suggested in the book that Tash is opposed to Aslan; by implication, he is Satan to Aslan's Christ-like representation. This is illustrated by the reactions of the main characters to his presence: they talk of smelling a foul smell and of the air growing cold when he passes near to them. There is a common link between Tash and the various pagan deities which were worshipped in Biblical times, such as Baal, Molech, Nisroch, and others. 'Tash' and 'Aslan' are respectively the Turkish words for 'stone' and 'lion'.

It should be noted that those Calormenes who have done good in the name of Tash are rewarded after their death for having really honored Aslan; likewise those Narnians who do evil in Aslan's name are counted as having done that evil in the name of Tash. This illustrates Lewis' inclusivist belief that the idea being worshipped and the honesty with which it is worshipped are more important than the name by which it is referred to. This is made clear in The Last Battle, where an honest Calormene soldier enters "Aslan's Country". In fact, the Calormene capital city has an existence in Aslan's Country.